2024-10-29 at

Notes : Climatology / Meteorology / Oceanography / Geology

 Scales ( horizontal distances, ref : Earth's diameter 12,7xx km ) :

  • microscale : 0 km to 1 km, 0 days to 1 day
  • mesoscale : 1 km to 1000 km, 1 day to 1 week
    • meso-alpha : 200 km to 2000 km
    • meso-beta : 20 km to 200 km
    • meso-gamma : 2 to 20 km
  • macroscale / synoptic : 1000 km to 10,000 km, 1 week to 1 month
  • megascale / global : world-wide, many months, periodic climates

Clines : sloped boundaries between distinct zones :
  • thermocline : temperature
  • chemocline : chemistry
    • halocline : salinity
  • barocline : pressure
    • baroclinic : surfaces of constant pressure intersect ( are not parallel ) with surfaces of constant density
Contour lines / Isometric lines / Isolines / Isoquants / Isarithms / Isogram / Isopleths : lines referring to points of equal value in some dimension :
  • isobar : pressure
  • isotherm : temperature
    • isocheim : mean winter temperature
    • isothere : mean summer temperature
  • isohel : solar radiation
  • isogeotherm : temperature beneath Earth's surface
  • isogon : direction
    • wind direction, in meteorology
    • magnetic declination, in the study of Earth's magnetic field
      • agonic line : zero magnetic declination 
      • isoporic line : constant annual variation in magnetic declination
      • isoclinic line : constant magnetic dip
      • aclinic line :  zero magnetic dip
      • isodynamic line : constant magnetic force
  • isocline : slope
    • rate of change in a population's size is zero, given a pair of interacting populations, in the study of population dynamics
  • isopach : thickness
  • isochor : volume
  • isopycnal : density
    • water density, in oceanography
  • isobath : depth
    • isobathytherms : depths of water with equal temperature
  • isohaline : ocean salinity
  • isoheight / isohypse : geopotential height
  • isodose : absorbed radiation
  • isoplat : acid precipitation
  • isobels : sound pressure
  • isoflor : biological diversity, often referring to a taxonomic group
  • isophene : biological event time, such as flowering
  • isophote : illuminance
  • isohyet / isohyetal line : rainfall
  • isohume : humidity
  • isodrosotherm : dew point
  • isoneph : cloud cover
  • isochalaz : frequency of hail storms
  • isobront : phase of a thunderstorm
  • isotach : wind speed
  • isopectic line : dates of ice formation
  • isotac : dates of thawing
  • isochasm : aurora occurence
  • isopotential / equipotential line : electrostatic potential
  • isochrone : drive or travel time
  • isotim : transport cost from source of a raw material
  • isodapane : equivalent cost of travel time
  • isoquant : production quantity ( in the context of fixed inputs )
  • isocost : usages ( in the context of fixed production costs )
  • in radar image interpretation
    • isodop : Doppler velocity
    • isoecho : radar reflectivity
  • level set : mathematical term for a full collection of points having a particular function's output value
    • algorithms used to find boundaries after image segmentation
      • edge detection
      • level-set method
      • boundary tracing
    • active contour model
  • indifference curve : economic pressure
  • phase diagram : in thermodynamic studies
  • hybrid contour : energies of : hybrid orbitals and pure atomic orbitals 
Also see :
  • isosurfaces : would be to a 3-dimensional diagram, what isolines are to a 2-dimensional diagram
  • chloropleth map : colours of an area represent a value in some dimension
  • isallo- replaced iso- : when the line connects points whose values in some dimension are changing at the same rate
    • isallobar : pressure changes
      • anallobar : pressure increase
      • katallobar : pressure decrease 
  • for terrain contour lines :
    • rule of Vs : stream valleys : 
      • vee point indicates stream path
      • vee points upstream
    • rule of Os : closed loops :
      • uphill on the inside, innermost loop is highest
      • downhill on the outside, outermost loop is lowest
      • exception : loop represents a depression : indicated by lines perpendicular to the depression, called hachures 
    • spacing of contours :
      • more than one contour line merging, indicates a cliff
      • can be used to approximate stream gradients
  • graphic design
    • line weight
    • line colour
    • line type
    • line marking 

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