sympathetic nerves near pacemaker tissue -> noradrenaline -> (various) cell surfaces
adrenal glands -> adrenaline -> (various) cell surfaces
(various) cell surfaces -> cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) -> (various) intra-cellular effects;
phosphodiesterase (PDE) metabolises cAMP to AMP; caffeine blocks the action of PDE -> causing amplification of cAMP effects
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